Understanding Autism

What is Autism?

Autism, or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by differences in social interaction, communication, and behavior. Individuals with autism perceive and interact with the world differently to individuals without autism. It’s important to understand that autism is not a disease or disorder to be cured, but rather a natural variation in human neurodiversity.

Every individual with Autism is unique, showcasing a diverse range of strengths, differences and challenges; this is why autism is described as a ‘spectrum’ and why it is important to recognise that the experiences and needs of those with autism can vary greatly. Autistic individuals can possess remarkable abilities in areas such as attention to detail, pattern recognition, and creative thinking. Many excel in fields that require deep focus and specialised knowledge.

As with many other things, our knowledge and understanding as a society of autism is growing, and with this, more people are being identified; young and old. It is currently estimated that one in 70 people are on the autism spectrum.

The Signs and Behaviours of Autism

Autism can present itself in various ways, and signs may be noticeable in early childhood before the age of three. However, it is not uncommon for them to first become apparent during school years or even later in life, especially in individuals who mask their traits to fit into neurotypical norms.

Some early indicators of autism include:

Unique Communication Styles

Autistic children might develop language skills differently. They may use echolalia (repeating phrases), have advanced vocabulary, or prefer non-verbal communication methods such as gestures or pictures¹.

Focused Interests

Autistic individuals often have deep, focused interests in specific topics. This passion can lead to extensive knowledge and expertise in their areas of interest².

Sensory Sensitivities

Many autistic people experience heightened or reduced sensitivity to sensory inputs like sounds, lights, textures, or smells. These sensory experiences are a natural part of their neurodivergent makeup³.

Social Interaction Preferences

Autistic individuals may interact differently in social settings. They might prefer solitary activities, have unique ways of expressing affection, or find social norms challenging to navigate⁴.

Some signs in adolescents and adults include:

Strong Sense of Justice

Many autistic individuals have a keen sense of fairness and justice, often advocating passionately for causes they believe in⁵.

Routine and Predictability

A preference for routines and predictability can help autistic individuals manage their daily lives. Changes in routine might be challenging but can be navigated with support⁶.

Deep Focus and Attention to Detail

Autistic people often excel in tasks that require deep focus and attention to detail. This strength can be a significant asset in various professional fields⁷.

Autism Assessment and Diagnosis

Australian guidelines for assessing and diagnosing autism were published in 2018 and updated in 2023. These guidelines make assessing and diagnosing autism clearer and more consistent throughout Australia, ensuring individuals and their families receive the best possible care.

Assessment and diagnosis is completed by trained health professionals, who observe certain characteristics such as social communication, behaviours and intense or focused interests. The process can be completed by a single health professional or a multidisciplinary team of health professionals (usually including a paediatrician for children, a psychologist and a speech pathologist).

Diagnosing autism involves recognising and understanding the unique ways autistic individuals experience the world. Autism assessment should be focused on identifying strengths, unique abilities and talents, and recommending tailored interventions and supports that align with the individual’s needs and preferences.
A comprehensive evaluation typically includes

Interviews and Questionnaires

Information about an individual’s developmental history and current behaviour can be gathered via interviews and questionnaires with the individual themselves (if appropriate) and their significant others such as parents, caregivers, teachers, partners and colleagues.

Observations

Directly observing the individual in various settings to understand their communication, social interactions, and behaviours.

Standardized Tests

Using tools designed to assess specific areas such as social communication, sensory processing, and cognitive abilities.

Diagnosis and Feedback

After the evaluation, if appropriate, a diagnosis based on the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) is provided. The feedback session focuses on explaining the diagnosis in a way that highlights the individual’s strengths and provides a roadmap for support and intervention.

The Importance of Assessment and Identification of Autism

Formal identification of autism is not the end but rather the beginning of a journey towards understanding, acceptance, respect and celebration of an individual’s uniqueness. It opens the door to a supportive community and resources that can help autistic individuals lead fulfilling and successful lives.

Assessments are important for:

Providing clarity by confirming if autism is present
Fostering understanding as to how it manifests uniquely in a particular individual
Creating personalised interventions and support strategies
Guiding the development of individualised therapy and support plans

Support for People with Autism

While traditional approaches to autism have focused on reducing or masking autistic behaviours, there is a growing movement towards neuroaffirming approaches that embrace and celebrate these differences.

Neuroaffirming supports are designed to help autistic individuals thrive by validating their unique experiences and strengths. They focus on providing accommodations and strategies that empower autistic people to live authentically and successfully.

Visual Supports

Schedules: Visual schedules provide a clear structure and routine, helping autistic individuals anticipate and understand what to expect throughout the day.
Social Stories: Social stories use simple language and visuals to explain social situations and expectations, promoting understanding and reducing anxiety.
Picture Exchange Communication Systems (PECS): PECS is a communication system that uses pictures to help individuals express their wants and needs.

Sensory Supports

Sensory Diet: A sensory diet is a personalized plan that includes activities and strategies to regulate sensory input and promote comfort.
Sensory Rooms: Sensory rooms provide a controlled environment with various sensory experiences to help individuals calm down and self-regulate.
Noise-Cancelling Headphones: These can be helpful for individuals who are sensitive to loud noises.

Social Skills Supports

Social Skills Groups: These groups provide opportunities for autistic individuals to learn and practise social skills in a supportive environment.
Peer Mentoring: Peer mentoring programs pair autistic individuals with neurotypical mentors to develop social skills and friendships.
Social Stories: As mentioned earlier, social stories can be used to teach social skills and expectations.

Communication Supports:

Speech Therapy: Speech therapy can help individuals develop communication skills, including speech, language, and alternative communication methods.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC): AAC devices, such as tablets or speech-generating devices, can help individuals communicate who may have difficulty with spoken language.
Communication Training: Communication training can help individuals learn to express their needs and preferences effectively.

Educational Supports:

Individualised Education Plans (IEPs): IEPs are tailored to meet the specific needs of autistic students, providing accommodations and supports in the classroom.
Specialised Schools: Some autistic individuals may benefit from attending specialised schools that cater to their unique learning styles and needs.
Inclusive Education: Inclusive education promotes the inclusion of autistic students in mainstream classrooms, with appropriate supports in place.

Emotional and Mental Health Supports:

Therapy: Therapy can help autistic individuals manage stress, anxiety, and other emotional challenges.
Support Groups: Support groups provide a safe space for autistic individuals and their families to connect, share experiences, and offer support.
Self-Advocacy Training: Self-advocacy training empowers autistic individuals to advocate for their own needs and rights.

Remember, every autistic individual is unique, and their needs may vary. It’s important to work with professionals and caregivers to identify the most appropriate neuroaffirming supports for each individual.

By embracing autistic differences and providing the necessary supports, we can create a more inclusive and accepting world for everyone.

We're with you all the way

If you suspect Autism or have questions, our experienced team at Raise the Bar Psychology is here to help. Gain insights, support, and personalised strategies to navigate the Autism journey. Contact us today if you have any questions or would like to request an assessment.

Frequently Asked Questions about Autism

What causes Autism?

The exact cause is unknown, but a combination of genetic and environmental factors is believed to contribute.

At what age can Autism be diagnosed?

Autism can reliably be diagnosed as early as 18-24 months by an experienced professional. Many children are not diagnosed until 4-5 years old, but awareness of early symptoms aids in more timely action.

Why is early intervention important?

Early intervention during ages 3-5 gives children the best chance at developing skills, independence, and confidence

Can Autism be diagnosed later in life?

Yes, Autism can be diagnosed in adolescence or adulthood, especially in milder cases, highlighting the importance of ongoing awareness.

Is there a cure for Autism?

There is no cure, but early intervention and tailored support can significantly improve their outcomes in life.

How is Autism diagnosed?

Assessments conducted by experienced professionals play a crucial role in accurately diagnosing Autism.

What happens in an autism assessment?

The diagnostic assessment process involves administering several standardised assessment tools, observing the individual in the clinic and possibly at school, and interviews with parents, teachers (if they are school-age) or partners (for adults) and the individual themselves (if age appropriate).

A cognitive assessment is often included to inform needed adjustments and supports. Autism assessments can also include assessment of academic achievement if learning concerns are present.

^1,3,4 https://reframingautism.org.au/neurodiversity-affirming-language-a-letter-to-your-childs-support-network/

² https://ndconnection.co.uk/resources/p/nd-affirming-language-guide

⁵ https://sinneavefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Guide-to-Neuroaffirming-Language-April-2024_External-v2.pdf

⁶ https://illumelearning.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Summary-Guide-to-ND-Affirming-Language.pdf

⁷ https://neurodiversitymatters.com/inclusive-language-guide-neurodiversity-edition/